Rtrigo_fun.v

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(************************************************************************)
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(* <O___,, *       (see CREDITS file for the list of authors)           *)
(*   \VV/  **************************************************************)
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Require Import Rbase.
Require Import Rfunctions.
Require Import SeqSeries.
Local Open Scope R_scope.

(*****************************************************************)

To define transcendental functions

and exponential function

(*****************************************************************)

(*********)
Lemma Alembert_exp :
  Un_cv (fun n:nat => Rabs (/ INR (fact (S n)) * / / INR (fact n))) 0.Un_cv
  (fun n : nat =>
   Rabs (/ INR (fact (S n)) * / / INR (fact n))) 0
Proof.Un_cv
  (fun n : nat =>
   Rabs (/ INR (fact (S n)) * / / INR (fact n))) 0
  unfold Un_cv; intros; destruct (Rgt_dec eps 1) as [Hgt|Hnotgt].eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hgt:eps > 1
exists N : nat,
  forall n : nat,
  (n >= N)%nat ->
  R_dist
    (Rabs (/ INR (fact (S n)) * / / INR (fact n))) 0 <
  eps
eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hnotgt:~ eps > 1
exists N : nat,
  forall n : nat,
  (n >= N)%nat ->
  R_dist
    (Rabs (/ INR (fact (S n)) * / / INR (fact n))) 0 <
  eps
  -eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hgt:eps > 1
exists N : nat,
  forall n : nat,
  (n >= N)%nat ->
  R_dist
    (Rabs (/ INR (fact (S n)) * / / INR (fact n))) 0 <
  eps split with 0%nat; intros; rewrite (simpl_fact n); unfold R_dist;
      rewrite (Rminus_0_r (Rabs (/ INR (S n))));
        rewrite (Rabs_Rabsolu (/ INR (S n))); cut (/ INR (S n) > 0).eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hgt:eps > 1
n:nat
H0:(n >= 0)%nat
/ INR (S n) > 0 -> Rabs (/ INR (S n)) < eps
eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hgt:eps > 1
n:nat
H0:(n >= 0)%nat
/ INR (S n) > 0
    intro; rewrite (Rabs_pos_eq (/ INR (S n))).eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hgt:eps > 1
n:nat
H0:(n >= 0)%nat
H1:/ INR (S n) > 0
/ INR (S n) < eps
eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hgt:eps > 1
n:nat
H0:(n >= 0)%nat
H1:/ INR (S n) > 0
0 <= / INR (S n)
eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hgt:eps > 1
n:nat
H0:(n >= 0)%nat
/ INR (S n) > 0
    cut (/ eps - 1 < 0).eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hgt:eps > 1
n:nat
H0:(n >= 0)%nat
H1:/ INR (S n) > 0
/ eps - 1 < 0 -> / INR (S n) < eps
eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hgt:eps > 1
n:nat
H0:(n >= 0)%nat
H1:/ INR (S n) > 0
/ eps - 1 < 0
eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hgt:eps > 1
n:nat
H0:(n >= 0)%nat
H1:/ INR (S n) > 0
0 <= / INR (S n)
eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hgt:eps > 1
n:nat
H0:(n >= 0)%nat
/ INR (S n) > 0
    intro H2; generalize (Rlt_le_trans (/ eps - 1) 0 (INR n) H2 (pos_INR n));
      clear H2; intro; unfold Rminus in H2;
        generalize (Rplus_lt_compat_l 1 (/ eps + -1) (INR n) H2);
          replace (1 + (/ eps + -1)) with (/ eps); [ clear H2; intro | ring ].eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hgt:eps > 1
n:nat
H0:(n >= 0)%nat
H1:/ INR (S n) > 0
H2:/ eps < 1 + INR n
/ INR (S n) < eps
eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hgt:eps > 1
n:nat
H0:(n >= 0)%nat
H1:/ INR (S n) > 0
/ eps - 1 < 0
eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hgt:eps > 1
n:nat
H0:(n >= 0)%nat
H1:/ INR (S n) > 0
0 <= / INR (S n)
eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hgt:eps > 1
n:nat
H0:(n >= 0)%nat
/ INR (S n) > 0
    rewrite (Rplus_comm 1 (INR n)) in H2; rewrite <- (S_INR n) in H2;
      generalize (Rmult_gt_0_compat (/ INR (S n)) eps H1 H);
        intro; unfold Rgt in H3;
          generalize (Rmult_lt_compat_l (/ INR (S n) * eps) (/ eps) (INR (S n)) H3 H2);
            intro; rewrite (Rmult_assoc (/ INR (S n)) eps (/ eps)) in H4;
              rewrite (Rinv_r eps (Rlt_dichotomy_converse eps 0 (or_intror (eps < 0) H)))
                in H4; rewrite (let (H1, H2) := Rmult_ne (/ INR (S n)) in H1) in H4;
                  rewrite (Rmult_comm (/ INR (S n))) in H4;
                    rewrite (Rmult_assoc eps (/ INR (S n)) (INR (S n))) in H4;
                      rewrite (Rinv_l (INR (S n)) (not_O_INR (S n) (not_eq_sym (O_S n)))) in H4;
                        rewrite (let (H1, H2) := Rmult_ne eps in H1) in H4;
                          assumption.eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hgt:eps > 1
n:nat
H0:(n >= 0)%nat
H1:/ INR (S n) > 0
/ eps - 1 < 0
eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hgt:eps > 1
n:nat
H0:(n >= 0)%nat
H1:/ INR (S n) > 0
0 <= / INR (S n)
eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hgt:eps > 1
n:nat
H0:(n >= 0)%nat
/ INR (S n) > 0
    apply Rlt_minus; unfold Rgt in Hgt; rewrite <- Rinv_1;
      apply (Rinv_lt_contravar 1 eps); auto;
        rewrite (let (H1, H2) := Rmult_ne eps in H2); unfold Rgt in H;
          assumption.eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hgt:eps > 1
n:nat
H0:(n >= 0)%nat
H1:/ INR (S n) > 0
0 <= / INR (S n)
eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hgt:eps > 1
n:nat
H0:(n >= 0)%nat
/ INR (S n) > 0
    unfold Rgt in H1; apply Rlt_le; assumption.eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hgt:eps > 1
n:nat
H0:(n >= 0)%nat
/ INR (S n) > 0
    unfold Rgt; apply Rinv_0_lt_compat; apply lt_INR_0; apply lt_O_Sn.
  -eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hnotgt:~ eps > 1
exists N : nat,
  forall n : nat,
  (n >= N)%nat ->
  R_dist
    (Rabs (/ INR (fact (S n)) * / / INR (fact n))) 0 <
  eps cut (0 <= up (/ eps - 1))%Z.eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hnotgt:~ eps > 1
(0 <= up (/ eps - 1))%Z ->
exists N : nat,
  forall n : nat,
  (n >= N)%nat ->
  R_dist
    (Rabs (/ INR (fact (S n)) * / / INR (fact n))) 0 <
  eps
eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hnotgt:~ eps > 1
(0 <= up (/ eps - 1))%Z
    intro; elim (IZN (up (/ eps - 1)) H0); intros; split with x; intros;
      rewrite (simpl_fact n); unfold R_dist;
        rewrite (Rminus_0_r (Rabs (/ INR (S n))));
          rewrite (Rabs_Rabsolu (/ INR (S n))); cut (/ INR (S n) > 0).eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hnotgt:~ eps > 1
H0:(0 <= up (/ eps - 1))%Z
x:nat
H1:up (/ eps - 1) = Z.of_nat x
n:nat
H2:(n >= x)%nat
/ INR (S n) > 0 -> Rabs (/ INR (S n)) < eps
eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hnotgt:~ eps > 1
H0:(0 <= up (/ eps - 1))%Z
x:nat
H1:up (/ eps - 1) = Z.of_nat x
n:nat
H2:(n >= x)%nat
/ INR (S n) > 0
eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hnotgt:~ eps > 1
(0 <= up (/ eps - 1))%Z
    intro; rewrite (Rabs_pos_eq (/ INR (S n))).eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hnotgt:~ eps > 1
H0:(0 <= up (/ eps - 1))%Z
x:nat
H1:up (/ eps - 1) = Z.of_nat x
n:nat
H2:(n >= x)%nat
H3:/ INR (S n) > 0
/ INR (S n) < eps
eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hnotgt:~ eps > 1
H0:(0 <= up (/ eps - 1))%Z
x:nat
H1:up (/ eps - 1) = Z.of_nat x
n:nat
H2:(n >= x)%nat
H3:/ INR (S n) > 0
0 <= / INR (S n)
eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hnotgt:~ eps > 1
H0:(0 <= up (/ eps - 1))%Z
x:nat
H1:up (/ eps - 1) = Z.of_nat x
n:nat
H2:(n >= x)%nat
/ INR (S n) > 0
eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hnotgt:~ eps > 1
(0 <= up (/ eps - 1))%Z
    cut (/ eps - 1 < INR x).eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hnotgt:~ eps > 1
H0:(0 <= up (/ eps - 1))%Z
x:nat
H1:up (/ eps - 1) = Z.of_nat x
n:nat
H2:(n >= x)%nat
H3:/ INR (S n) > 0
/ eps - 1 < INR x -> / INR (S n) < eps
eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hnotgt:~ eps > 1
H0:(0 <= up (/ eps - 1))%Z
x:nat
H1:up (/ eps - 1) = Z.of_nat x
n:nat
H2:(n >= x)%nat
H3:/ INR (S n) > 0
/ eps - 1 < INR x
eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hnotgt:~ eps > 1
H0:(0 <= up (/ eps - 1))%Z
x:nat
H1:up (/ eps - 1) = Z.of_nat x
n:nat
H2:(n >= x)%nat
H3:/ INR (S n) > 0
0 <= / INR (S n)
eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hnotgt:~ eps > 1
H0:(0 <= up (/ eps - 1))%Z
x:nat
H1:up (/ eps - 1) = Z.of_nat x
n:nat
H2:(n >= x)%nat
/ INR (S n) > 0
eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hnotgt:~ eps > 1
(0 <= up (/ eps - 1))%Z
    intro ;
      generalize
        (Rlt_le_trans (/ eps - 1) (INR x) (INR n) H4
          (le_INR x n H2));
        clear H4; intro; unfold Rminus in H4;
          generalize (Rplus_lt_compat_l 1 (/ eps + -1) (INR n) H4);
            replace (1 + (/ eps + -1)) with (/ eps); [ clear H4; intro | ring ].eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hnotgt:~ eps > 1
H0:(0 <= up (/ eps - 1))%Z
x:nat
H1:up (/ eps - 1) = Z.of_nat x
n:nat
H2:(n >= x)%nat
H3:/ INR (S n) > 0
H4:/ eps < 1 + INR n
/ INR (S n) < eps
eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hnotgt:~ eps > 1
H0:(0 <= up (/ eps - 1))%Z
x:nat
H1:up (/ eps - 1) = Z.of_nat x
n:nat
H2:(n >= x)%nat
H3:/ INR (S n) > 0
/ eps - 1 < INR x
eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hnotgt:~ eps > 1
H0:(0 <= up (/ eps - 1))%Z
x:nat
H1:up (/ eps - 1) = Z.of_nat x
n:nat
H2:(n >= x)%nat
H3:/ INR (S n) > 0
0 <= / INR (S n)
eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hnotgt:~ eps > 1
H0:(0 <= up (/ eps - 1))%Z
x:nat
H1:up (/ eps - 1) = Z.of_nat x
n:nat
H2:(n >= x)%nat
/ INR (S n) > 0
eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hnotgt:~ eps > 1
(0 <= up (/ eps - 1))%Z
    rewrite (Rplus_comm 1 (INR n)) in H4; rewrite <- (S_INR n) in H4;
      generalize (Rmult_gt_0_compat (/ INR (S n)) eps H3 H);
        intro; unfold Rgt in H5;
          generalize (Rmult_lt_compat_l (/ INR (S n) * eps) (/ eps) (INR (S n)) H5 H4);
            intro; rewrite (Rmult_assoc (/ INR (S n)) eps (/ eps)) in H6;
              rewrite (Rinv_r eps (Rlt_dichotomy_converse eps 0 (or_intror (eps < 0) H)))
                in H6; rewrite (let (H1, H2) := Rmult_ne (/ INR (S n)) in H1) in H6;
                  rewrite (Rmult_comm (/ INR (S n))) in H6;
                    rewrite (Rmult_assoc eps (/ INR (S n)) (INR (S n))) in H6;
                      rewrite (Rinv_l (INR (S n)) (not_O_INR (S n) (not_eq_sym (O_S n)))) in H6;
                        rewrite (let (H1, H2) := Rmult_ne eps in H1) in H6;
                          assumption.eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hnotgt:~ eps > 1
H0:(0 <= up (/ eps - 1))%Z
x:nat
H1:up (/ eps - 1) = Z.of_nat x
n:nat
H2:(n >= x)%nat
H3:/ INR (S n) > 0
/ eps - 1 < INR x
eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hnotgt:~ eps > 1
H0:(0 <= up (/ eps - 1))%Z
x:nat
H1:up (/ eps - 1) = Z.of_nat x
n:nat
H2:(n >= x)%nat
H3:/ INR (S n) > 0
0 <= / INR (S n)
eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hnotgt:~ eps > 1
H0:(0 <= up (/ eps - 1))%Z
x:nat
H1:up (/ eps - 1) = Z.of_nat x
n:nat
H2:(n >= x)%nat
/ INR (S n) > 0
eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hnotgt:~ eps > 1
(0 <= up (/ eps - 1))%Z
    cut (IZR (up (/ eps - 1)) = IZR (Z.of_nat x));
      [ intro | rewrite H1; trivial ].eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hnotgt:~ eps > 1
H0:(0 <= up (/ eps - 1))%Z
x:nat
H1:up (/ eps - 1) = Z.of_nat x
n:nat
H2:(n >= x)%nat
H3:/ INR (S n) > 0
H4:IZR (up (/ eps - 1)) = IZR (Z.of_nat x)
/ eps - 1 < INR x
eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hnotgt:~ eps > 1
H0:(0 <= up (/ eps - 1))%Z
x:nat
H1:up (/ eps - 1) = Z.of_nat x
n:nat
H2:(n >= x)%nat
H3:/ INR (S n) > 0
0 <= / INR (S n)
eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hnotgt:~ eps > 1
H0:(0 <= up (/ eps - 1))%Z
x:nat
H1:up (/ eps - 1) = Z.of_nat x
n:nat
H2:(n >= x)%nat
/ INR (S n) > 0
eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hnotgt:~ eps > 1
(0 <= up (/ eps - 1))%Z
    elim (archimed (/ eps - 1)); intros; clear H6; unfold Rgt in H5;
      rewrite H4 in H5; rewrite INR_IZR_INZ; assumption.eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hnotgt:~ eps > 1
H0:(0 <= up (/ eps - 1))%Z
x:nat
H1:up (/ eps - 1) = Z.of_nat x
n:nat
H2:(n >= x)%nat
H3:/ INR (S n) > 0
0 <= / INR (S n)
eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hnotgt:~ eps > 1
H0:(0 <= up (/ eps - 1))%Z
x:nat
H1:up (/ eps - 1) = Z.of_nat x
n:nat
H2:(n >= x)%nat
/ INR (S n) > 0
eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hnotgt:~ eps > 1
(0 <= up (/ eps - 1))%Z
    unfold Rgt in H1; apply Rlt_le; assumption.eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hnotgt:~ eps > 1
H0:(0 <= up (/ eps - 1))%Z
x:nat
H1:up (/ eps - 1) = Z.of_nat x
n:nat
H2:(n >= x)%nat
/ INR (S n) > 0
eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hnotgt:~ eps > 1
(0 <= up (/ eps - 1))%Z
    unfold Rgt; apply Rinv_0_lt_compat; apply lt_INR_0; apply lt_O_Sn.eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hnotgt:~ eps > 1
(0 <= up (/ eps - 1))%Z
    apply (le_O_IZR (up (/ eps - 1)));
      apply (Rle_trans 0 (/ eps - 1) (IZR (up (/ eps - 1)))).eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hnotgt:~ eps > 1
0 <= / eps - 1
eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hnotgt:~ eps > 1
/ eps - 1 <= IZR (up (/ eps - 1))
    generalize (Rnot_gt_le eps 1 Hnotgt); clear Hnotgt; unfold Rle; intro; elim H0;
      clear H0; intro.eps:R
H:eps > 0
H0:eps < 1
0 < / eps - 1 \/ 0 = / eps - 1
eps:R
H:eps > 0
H0:eps = 1
0 < / eps - 1 \/ 0 = / eps - 1
eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hnotgt:~ eps > 1
/ eps - 1 <= IZR (up (/ eps - 1))
    left; unfold Rgt in H;
      generalize (Rmult_lt_compat_l (/ eps) eps 1 (Rinv_0_lt_compat eps H) H0);
        rewrite
          (Rinv_l eps
            (not_eq_sym (Rlt_dichotomy_converse 0 eps (or_introl (0 > eps) H))))
          ; rewrite (let (H1, H2) := Rmult_ne (/ eps) in H1);
            intro; fold (/ eps - 1 > 0); apply Rgt_minus;
              unfold Rgt; assumption.eps:R
H:eps > 0
H0:eps = 1
0 < / eps - 1 \/ 0 = / eps - 1
eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hnotgt:~ eps > 1
/ eps - 1 <= IZR (up (/ eps - 1))
    right; rewrite H0; rewrite Rinv_1; symmetry; apply Rminus_diag_eq; auto.eps:R
H:eps > 0
Hnotgt:~ eps > 1
/ eps - 1 <= IZR (up (/ eps - 1))
    elim (archimed (/ eps - 1)); intros; clear H1; unfold Rgt in H0; apply Rlt_le;
      assumption.
Qed.